Cervical Disc Replacement for Chronic Neck Pain

What is a Cervical Disc?

Cervical discs are the gel-like shock absorbers between the vertebrae in the neck. They not only absorb shocks in the cervical spine – the seven vertebrae in the neck; they also enable the neck to handle various stresses and different ranges of motion.

Problems with discs can restrict the range of motion within the neck and cause pain, numbness or weakness. This can be limited to the neck but also spread to the shoulders, head, arms, and even the hands. Chronic neck pain might leave the affected area sensitive to touch and painful when pressure is applied.

The body’s reaction to a disrupted disc may also be the formation of bone spurs called osteophytes. These bone spurs can also cause pressure on the nerve roots or the special cord causing unwanted neck pain.

When conservative measures fail to stop the pain, patients might consider replacing the diseased disc with a safe, sterile, stronger replacement. This procedure is known as cervical disc replacement.

What is cervical disc replacement?

Cervical disc replacement is a procedure that involves removing a damaged cervical disc and replacing it with artificial material. During this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision at the front of the neck. This allows him or her to remove the damaged disc and replace it with a new one.Cervical Disc Replacement Surgery

Cervical disc replacement relieves pressure and ensures that the disc is in the right place.

Minimally invasive procedures keep the incision size to the width of a magic marker. During the procedure, muscle and tissue are spread apart, rather than cut. This makes recovery much easier than traditional open surgery.

Many patients feel relief in as little as a few hours following the surgery. Pain from the procedure is usually limited to the incision itself and significantly improves within a few days. Full recovery takes a few weeks.

Are you a candidate for a cervical disc replacement?

If you are experiencing symptoms of cervical disc disease, or chronic neck pain, see a board-certified pain management specialist for a full evaluation and review of your x-ray or MRI. Only then will you know what is causing the pain and learn the treatments available for your particular condition.

Top 10 Chiropractors in the World

dr david warkentin chiropractor

Dr. David Warkentin, voted the top chiropractor in the world, according to patients.

As patients and potential patients we are pretty spoilt these days in terms of access to information about our health care professionals. Before we even step into the office of a family physician, orthopedic surgeon, or chiropractor, we can search online for details of their educational history, disciplinary hearings, board certification, and even reviews by fellow patients. Read more

Cannabis-Related Emergency Room Visits Increase – Is it worth the risk for neck pain relief?

medical marijuana vaporiser neck pain reliefMany more American states legalized the use of cannabis for medical concerns like chronic neck pain in 2014, but new research shows that in those states where medical marijuana is legal, visits to the emergency room for cannabis-related crises have increased. The same study also found an overall increase in the use and misuse of cannabis as well, so is it worth the risk to use medical marijuana for neck pain relief?

50% Increase in Medical Marijuana ED Visits

Colorado was one of the first two states to legalize medical and recreational cannabis use and in this latest study emergency department visits involving cannabis use rose 50.4% in Colorado between 2007 and 2012. ED visits also rose in states where only medical use is legalized, with the largest increase in Hawaii, where visits related to cannabis rose by 55% from 2007 to 2012. New Jersey saw a 49.1% increase in visits, and Arizona had a 32% rise in the number of ED visits involving cannabis.

In some states where marijuana use remains illegal, even for medical purposes, there was also a significant increase in ED visits; in Texas, for example, there was a 43.2% increase in cannabis-related ED visits. In Oklahoma and South Carolina however, the increase was only 7.21% and 0.75%, which makes you wonder what’s going on in Texas.

The Cost of Cannabis for Pain Relief

The impact of cannabis on the health care system appears to be increasingly significant, with the author of this study, Dr. Rai, also presenting figures related to the costs of cannabis-related hospital stays. An average nationwide increase of 13.3% in cannabis-related hospital admissions was higher than that for alcohol abuse (8.6%), and the average hospital charge increased 39% for cannabis-related issues, compared to 29.5% for alcohol abuse. Interestingly, there was a 67.9% decrease in the percentage of visits related to cocaine use, but there was a 42% increase in visits related to opioids.

This is Not Your Mother’s Marijuana

One of the problems with cannabis is that there is such a wide variety available that users may be unaware of the strength and potential toxicity of their drug of choice. As well as the plant matter itself, cannabis oil and liquids have become popular, and there have even been incidents of serious explosions from home-based laboratories cooking up high-potency THC oil, which produces highly volatile gases.

Getting a prescription for medical marijuana may have become simpler in recent years, but with so many options available for users it is now increasingly complex to decide what product to choose and how to ingest it. This means that many people are ending up in the emergency room because they have taken too much and are overintoxicated.

This may be especially true for those who used marijuana recreationally in their youth and who are now using it medicinally some 30 or 40 years later, without appreciating that selective breeding of the plants has dramatically increased the level of THC and other active constituents. Essentially the cannabis now available is not that of the 70s, 80s or even the 90s. In fact, the authors of this study note that today’s cannabis is around four times as potent as cannabis of the 1970s.


Who Uses Medical Marijuana?

In a 2003 paper published in the journal Pain, Ware and colleagues reported that those surveyed who used cannabis for pain relief were more likely to be younger and to also use tobacco, and that the largest group of patients using cannabis did so for pain related to trauma and/or surgery. Some 68% of the patients were using cannabis to relieve neck pain or upper body pain, with 65% using it to treat myofascial pain (which can also involve neck pain).

The majority of these patients (53%) used 4 puffs per dose of cannabis for pain, 25% smoked a whole joint, and 12% smoked more than one joint at each dose. Most patients used it only on rare occasions (28%), 25% used it weekly, 16% used it daily, and 22% used it more than once a day for pain relief. The patients most often reported improvements in pain, sleep and mood with the use of the drug, with the most common side effects being feeling high and having dry-mouth.

Can Cannabis Relieve Neck Pain?

In a more recent study, patients with central and peripheral neuropathic pain were given vaporized cannabis at a 3.53% or 1.29% THC dose, or a placebo and their pain was assessed using a visual analog scale. Wilsey and colleagues also looked at any psychoactive side effects and the patients’ neuropsychological performance. The two active groups had no significant differences in analgesic response, and the number needed to treat was comparable in both cases to that of traditional medications for neuropathic pain.

Psychoactive effects were deemed to be minimal and reversed within 1 to 2 hours, suggesting that vaporized cannabis may be an effective option for relief of neuropathic pain resistant to other forms of treatment.

How Cannabis Helps with Chronic Pain

THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the active pain-relieving cannabinoid in medical marijuana, but its psychoactive effects limit its use, as does the typical method of delivery (smoking). Other cannabinoids also have analgesic effects however, including oral doses of cannabidiol and beta-caryophyllene, which appear to have a higher level of safety and limited adverse effects.

These drugs act on the endocannabinoid system, including CB(1) receptors in the spinal cord which process and modulate nociceptive information. In addition, CB(2) receptors appear to be a primary cause of the anti-inflammatory effect of endocannabinoids, which also helps relieve pain locally. Specifically, these CB(2) receptors may affect mast cells and neutrophils (immune system cells), which then helps prevent pain related to an inflammatory response.

What these studies suggest is that there is evidence in support of the use of cannabis for relief of pain such as neuropathic neck pain, but that it is increasingly important to find safe delivery mechanisms, and to put in place regulatory systems that help patients to choose more wisely when using medical marijuana.


References

American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP) 25th Annual Meeting: Abstracts 20 and 52, presented December 5, 2014.

Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Nagy I. Endocannabinoids and pain: spinal and peripheral analgesia in inflammation and neuropathy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Feb-Mar;66(2-3):243-56.

Fine PG, Rosenfeld MJ. The endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids, and pain. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2013 Oct 29;4(4):e0022. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10129. eCollection 2013.

Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Deutsch R, Gouaux B, Sakai S, Donaghe H. Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2013 Feb;14(2):136-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.009. Epub 2012 Dec 11.

Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain. 2003 Mar;102(1-2):211-6.

Could A Natural Antioxidant, PQQ, Relieve Neck Pain?

PQQ for neck pain and nerve repairA study published in 2012 in the European Journal of Pharmacology suggests that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a naturally occurring antioxidant, may offer a nutritional approach to neck pain management after nerve injury. The authors of the study looked at the effects of PQQ on rats with sciatic nerve injury, testing the animals for response to painful heat and mechanical trauma and found that the nutrient significantly reduced pain. Read more

Could A Medical Food be Better than Ibuprofen for Neck Pain?

theramine amino acid pain relief for chronic neck painA new study has found that a blend of amino acids (which make up proteins) could be better than ibuprofen for reducing inflammation and relieving back pain. The research was carried out to determine the efficacy and safety of Theramine, a medical food that could be free from side effects, unlike the commonly used NSAID, ibuprofen. Read more

Top 3 Pillows for Neck Pain

cats sleeping paws neck pain pillowLooking for a stocking stuffer for a loved one with neck pain? Getting them a new pillow for Christmas might not seem the most exciting thing, but they’ll sure get a lot more benefits from a good night’s sleep than they will an expensive bottle of perfume or some comedy socks. Read more

Needle-Knife Therapy Better than Acupuncture-Cupping for Treating Cervical Spondylosis

needle knife acupuncture neck pain stiffness relief in cervical spondylosisA study published in the Chinese medical journal Zhongguo zhen jiu (Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion) in May this year detailed a study which looked at the benefits of needle-knife therapy for neck stiffness and pain relief in cervical spondylosis. The trial compared this treatment with acupuncture-cupping therapy and found needle-knife therapy to be significantly better for neck stiffness and also more effective for relief of neck pain longer-term. Read more

Parkinson's Drug Could Help Relieve Neck Pain from Fibromyalgia

memantine for fibromyalgiaMemantine is a drug typically used to treat people with Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, but a new study has found it can also help with pain relief in fibromyalgia, a condition that can be a cause of neck pain. Fibromyalgia is characterised by an increased sensitivity to pain, with specific tender points, in addition to fatigue and cognitive symptoms. Read more

Bone Spurs in the Neck – Where are they most common?

bone-spur-neck-cervical-mriThe most common sites of bone spur formation in the neck are levels C6-C7 as this is the segment of the spine where the intervertebral discs tends to degenerate faster with age. A combination of shocks to the discs and the general wear and tear of compression can cause the disc to collapse, leading to a loss of vertebral height and reduced mobility of that spinal segment.

When one area of the spine becomes less mobile, the areas nearby often compensate by becoming more mobile. In this case, the spinal segments C3-C5 show increased motion and the body then attempts to restore stability by remodelling bone at the outer edges of the vertebral body. Bone spurs typically indicate a loss of spinal stability, rather than simply arising out of nothing.

Causes of Bone Spurs in the Neck

Bone diseases also contribute to the development of osteophytes (bone spurs) though, as does smoking, poor nutrition, and genetic factors. In order to maintain strong bones the body needs sufficient amounts of calcium, but it also needs magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin D, and a range of other nutrients that work to create the collagen scaffold onto which these minerals are deposited in crystal form. Without adequate magnesium, for example, the bone crystals that are formed are poorly constructed and weak, leading to an increased likelihood of bones in the spine fracturing, compressing, and developing spurs.


Symptoms of Bone Spurs in the Neck

Bone spurs cause problems in the spine because they can impinge upon spinal nerves and nerve roots, as well as entering the disc space or even compressing the spinal cord itself. These bony growths may lead to symptoms such as paraesthesia, weakness, numbness, muscle wasting, and pain in the neck, back, down the arms, or even up into the jaw and head, depending on the location of the bone spurs and which nerves are pinched or section of spinal cord compressed.

Surgery for Bone Spurs in the Neck

To alleviate these symptoms, surgery is often necessary to remove bone spurs as this is a physical obstruction rather than one that can be managed with anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications. In addition to operating to remove the bone spurs in the neck, it is also important that the surgical team help a patient understand the potential factors contributing to the development of osteophytes, otherwise it may simply be a matter of time before the patient is back in for further surgery to remove more aberrant bone.

Synthetic Marijuana – Safe for Neck Pain?

synthetic marijuana neck pain side effects spice diamond K2Data shows that emergency department visits involving synthetic marijuana have more than doubled in recent years. Could this prompt yet more states to alter legislation, especially as those states where medical cannabis has been legalised have reported lower levels of opioid overdose deaths?

Due to growing disenchantment with so-called BigPharma, many people are turning to natural drugs like Thunder God Vine and marijuana to combat chronic pain caused by conditions such as arthritis. Synthetic cannabinoids are not the same as the real thing, however, and are increasingly recognised as a significant risk to public health.


These fake versions of marijuana accounted for 28,531 visits to emergency departments in the US in 2011, up from 11,406 in 2010. Such substances are known as ‘spice’ or ‘K2’, as well as other monikers, and have been found to contain a variety of chemicals, many of which are classes as contaminants that may be harmful to the health of users.

The common misconception that marijuana is safe, and that synthetic marijuana may actually be safer, is just that, a misconception. Many people who would not otherwise use illicit drugs are compelled to do so because of the popularity of the idea that natural herbs are better than pharmaceuticals. While this may be true for some natural supplements, as regards safety, those that have not been rigorously tested, and those that are not well regulated so as to screen for contaminants present unknown risks.

Negative Effects of Synthetic Marijuana

Adverse reactions attributed to synthetic marijuana include:


  • Anxiety and intense agitation
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Heart palpitations (racing pulse)
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Tremors and seizures
  • Hallucinations and paranoia
  • Unresponsiveness
  • Death

Not only have synthetic cannabinoids been linked to such effects, many of those who use these drugs regularly will also experience withdrawal symptoms when/if they stop. As many users are living in states where marijuana is illegal, this likely means that those experiencing these undesirable effects are not getting medical help or assistance in weaning themselves off the drugs.

Four-Fold Increase in Drug Use in 18-20 Year-Olds

Indeed, the myth that marijuana is safe can lead patients with chronic pain to think that their symptoms are unrelated to the drug, reducing the likelihood of them reporting the negative effects. Those most at risk are thought to be younger users of synthetic marijuana who accounted for 7584 emergency room visits in 2011 (up from 3780 in 2010). There was a four-fold increase in such visits from those aged 18-20, from 1881 in 2010 to 8212 in 2011.

Emergency department visits by women experiencing negative effects of synthetic marijuana rose three-fold between 2010 and 2011, although men still accounted for around 79% of all such visits.

Is Synthetic Marijuana Illegal?

In states where marijuana remains illegal, even for medical purposes, some people may begin using synthetic marijuana, believing it to be legal or less problematic than the real thing. The Synthetic Drug Prevention Act of 2012 specifically prohibits the sale or possession of some synthetic cannabinoids however, putting them in the same category as ‘bath salts’ – the drugs that have attracted plentiful attention for their undesirable side effects.

The illegality of synthetic marijuana actually makes it all the more dangerous because those manufacturing the drugs are continually altering the composition of their product in order to evade the law. Such tinkering with these compounds will not only affect the potential benefits for pain attributed to synthetic marijuana, but also the safety of the products. Buyers hardly ever know exactly what is in each batch and if it will be the same as previous batches.

Legalisation of Drugs for Pain

Natural marijuana is increasingly popular as a way to manage chronic pain, but even this is still of questionable merit. At least in those states where it is legal people are more likely to discuss its use with the physician and promptly address any difficulties experienced with the drug. Legalisation also makes it easier for researchers to investigate the efficacy and side effects of marijuana and better warn patients about potential safety concerns as well as identify those particularly susceptible to the drugs’ effects.

In the meantime, there needs to be better education regarding awareness of the dangers of synthetic cannabinoids, dispelling the myth that these are safe ways to manage chronic pain. This needs to be coupled with improved treatment options for neck pain and other conditions that prompt people to turn to street drugs when disenchanted with mainstream medicine.